O presente artigo quer investigar o problema do mal na perspectiva de Santo Anselmo, tomando como ponto de partida sua obra "De casu diaboli", onde o tema é abordado, a partir da íntima ligação entre mal e pecado. Ao enfocar o mal na perspectiva da queda diabólica, o Doutor Magnífico intenta mostrar a conexão entre vontade, liberdade e justiça. Sua preocupação é investigar o significado moral da má escolha, realizada por uma criatura racional e puramente espiritual, feita boa e para (...) ser boa. O pecado, consoante o autor, não está em almejar a felicidade, pois um tal desejo é dádiva divina; o mal praticado pelo anjo está, precisamente, em querer a felicidade fora da justiça, isto é, ao querer ser feliz, ele foi de encontro ao que ele deveria ser: quis ser semelhante a Deus, extrapolando a sua própria natureza, pois ele desejou algo que, enquanto criatura, não caberia a ele almejar. Este é o ponto de partida para analisar o mal e sua mais dramática consequência, o sofrimento. (shrink)

A retidão moral, entendida como a prática da justiça, é o tema que perpassa a Trilogia, composta por Santo Anselmo, da qual fazem parte os tratados De Veritate, De libertate arbitrii e De casu diaboli. O presente artigo pretende evidenciar o papel absolutamente fundamental da vontade livre para a realização do agir em conformidade com a justiça. O exame de algumas passagens, sobretudo do tratado sobre a queda angélica, nos permitirá concluir que mesmo sendo a vontade uma dádiva, a criatura (...) racional, pela livre conjugação de seu querer é capaz de ser, de modo absolutamente isento de constrangimentos, a protagonista de seu agir moral. A verdadeira liberdade não é fazer o que se quer. A vontade é verdadeiramente livre quando fazemos aquilo que devemos fazer. Palavras-chave: Vontade. Liberdade. Retidão. (shrink)

This paper reviews computational models of surprise, with a specific focus on the authors’ probabilistic, contrast model. The contrast model casts surprise, and its intensity, as emerging from the difference between the probability of the surprising event and the probability of the highest expected‐event in a given situation. Strong arguments are made for the central role of surprise in creativity and learning by natural and artificial agents.

O presente estudo pretende analisar a obra Cur Deus homo, de Santo Anselmo, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica. Após examinar a peculiaridade do método e revisar seus argumentos fundamentais, será possível perceber que Anselmo revela uma perspectiva essencialmente boa da natureza humana, que, mesmo abalada, não sucumbe ao pecado original. A liberdade e o projeto amoroso do Logos originante fundamentam a concepção anselmiana em torno do homem e sua natureza. This study aims to analyze St. Anselm's Cur Deus Homo (...) from an anthropological perspective. After analyzing the method used in this work and reviewing its basic argumentation, it can be seen that Anselm reveals a perspective according to which human nature is essentially good. This nature, even when shaken, does not succumb to original sin. Freedom and the loving design of the originating Logos underlie the Anselmian conception of man and his nature. (shrink)

Com o fim do Império Romano, a estrutura educacional foi abalada. A religião cristã foi capaz de preservar a tradição da antiguidade. Pouco a pouco uma nova civilização vai surgindo, erguendo-se a partir de três bases: a cultura romana subsistente, o impacto dos bárbaros e a religião cristã. No reino dos francos, Carlos Magno faz renascer a cultura, através de sua aliança com a Igreja. Surgem novas escolas e há uma retomada das artes liberais; a dialética, particularmente, será a base (...) para a retomada dos debates filosóficos, mesmo inseridos em polêmicas teológicas, tais como a discussão em torno da predestinação divina que colocou em lados opostos Godescalco e Scoto Eriúgena. (shrink)

Resumo O presente artigo busca analisar uma das orações elaboradas por Anselmo de Aosta, mais precisamente, a Oração a São Nicolau, procurando mostrar como é possível encontrar, refletidos na prece, aspectos relevantes da produção filosófico-teológica do autor, sobretudo, em relação à situação do homem, marcado pelo pecado, uma vez que abandonou a retidão da vontade. Na prece, bem como em sua obra especulativa, Anselmo examina a situação do homem pecador, diante da graça e misericórdia divinas. Almejamos ressaltar a existência, na (...) obra anselmiana, de uma harmoniosa relação entre oração e trabalho especulativo, em conformidade com o ideal beneditino do ora et labora.This article analyzes one of the prayers of Anselm of Canterbury, namely, the Prayer to Saint Nicholas. We aim to show how it is possible to find relevant aspects of the author’s philosophical-theological output reflected in the prayer, mainly in relation to the situation of man, marked by sin, once rectitude and will are abandoned. In the prayer, as well as in his speculative work, Anselm examines the situation of sinful man in the face of divine grace and mercy. We highlight the existence in Anselm’s work of a harmonious relationship between prayer and speculation, in conformity with the Benedictine ideal of ora et labora. (shrink)

A recepção do pensamento greco-romano árabe e judaico pelo ocidente medieval.

On taking Breviloquium as a guide, we can understand how St. Bonaventure analyses the issue of evil and its relation to sin. Man was created to be good and to live in a good world. By sinning, he interferes with the divine plan, establishing evil in the world. God, the first and most perfect principle, however, is perfect; then, He comes to man’s help so that he can overcome sin and evil. Upon reflecting on Philosophy and Theology, Bonaventure discusses the (...) issue of evil origin, transmission and breakthrough, pointing to man’s unique and affirmative role, as he has not lost his natural attraction to virtue; he is still able to do right. (shrink)

The article provides an analysis of the work of Francisco Solano Constâncio (1777–1846), a Portuguese author who lived in Paris for most of his life. He had a very colourful and diversified career, which included the practice of medicine, political agitation, scientific journalism, diplomacy, linguistics, history, and the popularisation of political economy. As far as this last aspect is concerned, Constâncio is particularly well known for his translation into French of the famous works written on political economy by David Ricardo (...) and Thomas Malthus. He was also a very active editor of learned journals published in Paris in the 1820s, in which he discussed and criticised the writings of Jean-Baptiste Say and Simonde de Sismondi, among others. The article shows that Constâncio's sound knowledge of political economy was a basic condition for his critical acceptance of abstract theoretical principles and general policies that could not be applied to the study of national economic realities and specific social problems. (shrink)

Esta contribuição discute a influência da obra do napolitano Antonio Genovesi em Portugal, destacando a importância da inspiração que proporcionou para a formação do discurso da economia política ilustrada. Tendo como referência os traços essenciais do seu legado e da sua apropriação em contextos nacionais específicos, o presente texto procede a um balanço dos vestígios e legados da presença de Genovesi no ensino da filosofia na Universidade de Coimbra e no memorialismo económico da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa.

Este livro é o resultado de três anos de debates entre estudiosos interessados em entender o modo como diferentes dimensões da vida podem ser lidas sob a perspectiva da moral. Afinal, embora este tenha sido sempre um tema importante para a sociologia e a antropologia, raros têm sido os esforços brasileiros para a realização de pesquisas empíricas nessa área. Considerando essa lacuna, os autores dos 22 ensaios que fazem parte de Pensando bem se concentram na discussão prática da moral tomada (...) do nosso cotidiano, privilegiando formas de ultrapassar a dicotomia entre abordagens preocupadas com o correto ou justo, de um lado, e aquelas preocupadas com o bom, de outro. (shrink)

Isaac de Pinto was an active financier, economist and homme de lettres. Descending from a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, he lived in Amsterdam, Paris and London. Throughout his life, he enjoyed close relationships and made regular contact with important figures of the European Enlightenment. The main purpose of this article is to show that the concern with the Jewish problems, namely those relating to the difficult economic situation of the Portuguese nation in Amsterdam in the second half of the (...) eighteenth century, is a key factor in explaining the ongoing moral and apologetic dialogues that Isaac de Pinto maintained separately with Voltaire and Diderot. ☆ The authors are most grateful for the comments and suggestions provided by Antoin Murphy and two referees of this journal. The usual disclaimer applies. (shrink)

RESUMEN El artículo constituye una propuesta encaminada a dar respuesta a la necesidad social de la superación del profesor de Educación Física del Centro de Experiencia del Adulto Mayor. Se propone como objetivo fundamentar la estrategia para la superación del profesor de Educación Física dirigida a la rehabilitación acuática de los adultos mayores con limitaciones articulares, desde una visión de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad. Se reconoce la oportunidad que representa el empleo de las nuevas tecnologías como elemento que contribuye a (...) la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. La magnitud del reto exige la puesta en acción de todos los resortes con los que la sociedad cuenta, para la atención al envejecimiento, mediante diversos programas, cuya significación contribuye a fortalecer la identidad nacional, y a elevar la cultura general integral de los profesores hacia los adultos mayores lo cual repercutirá en la formación de una conciencia social, política y cultural. ABSTRACT The article constitutes a proposal directed to give answer to the social need for the self-improvement of the teacher of Physical Education of the Center of Experience of the Elder Adult. It proposes as objective: to base the strategy for the self-improvement of the teacher of Physical Education directed to the aquatic rehabilitation of the elderly with articular limitations, from a vision of science, technology and society. It is recognized the opportunity that represents the employment of the new technologies as element that contributes to the progress of the quality of life of the elderly. The magnitude of the challenge demands the putting in action of all the springs with which the society is provided, for the attention to the aging, by means of diverse programs, which significance helps to strengthen the national identity, and to raise the integral general culture of the teachers towards the elderly which will reverberate in the formation of a social, political and cultural conscience. (shrink)

The initial problem which motivated the writing of this thesis arose from reading of Emile by Rousseau. In this work, it was possible to detect the influence of different theoretical approaches, such as rationalism and empiricism, inspiring the development of the educational plan designed by Rousseau for his imaginary student (Emile). The very core question of the present thesis regards to whether there was a theory of knowledge pertaining to Rousseau’s philosophical thinking and, if so, how it was related to (...) his theories of education. In the set of his oeuvre, Rousseau’s affiliation to authors like Descartes, Leibniz, Locke and Malebranche, as well as Condillac, Diderot, D’Holbach and Helvétius was discovered. As the reading of the great philosophical work of Rousseau progressed, an original knowledge theory was discovered, of the kind which accepts the coexistence of opposite thoughts. Pedagogy, in the context of (the work) Emile, arose out of the miscellany of such theories and also for the intense philosophical maturing process on the core of Rousseau’s thinking. This study intended, therefore, to understand the origin and development of Rousseau’s theory of knowledge, and also to figure out how the philosopher formulated his theories on Education, especially in Emile. The object of this research, materialized through the extensive bibliography of the Swiss philosopher, was intensively read and analyzed. The methodology used was that of comparative, descriptive and critical documentary research of the mentioned authors. This research is divided into three sections: the first one intends to investigate the philosophical influence from different authors on the foundations of Rousseau’s epistemology; the second section addresses Rousseau’s theories of Education; the third and final part investigates the link between theory of knowledge and Education within Rousseau’s philosophical thought. -/- . (shrink)

The climate change mitigation effort is being translated into several actions and discourses that make collateral benefits and their rationale increasingly relevant for sustainability, in such a way that they are now a constant part of the political agenda. Taking a broader and consensual perspective, co-benefits are considered here to be emerging advantages of implementing measures to lower greenhouse gases. Starting with the analysis of policy documents referring to two European urban transportation strategies, the emergent co-benefits are problematized and discussed (...) to better understand their moral aspect. Further ethical reflection is conducted after an analysis of some unintended consequences of the co-benefits rationale arising from the examples. The discussion focuses primarily on the challenges of an integrative moral justification for co-benefits and also for their role in the climate change mitigation effort. We also discuss the limitations of the current normative models that frame a co-benefits rationale, both from a moral viewpoint and in relation to the overall climate change mitigation strategy. In this article, we propose the concepts of well-being and freedom, as portrayed by the Capability Approach, as possible guiding notions for the moral and social evaluation of goodness of these emergent benefits as well as their rationale. Additionally, some preliminary conclusions are drawn regarding the potential of the presented concepts to support climate change mitigation action. Finally, we outline a scenario where the Capability Approach is the moral guideline for a co-benefits rationale and illustrates its potential in terms of enhancing climate change mitigation strategy. (shrink)

O texto tem como objetivo desenvolver reflexão atualizada em relação à pedagogia das competências como tendência pós-moderna à luz da pedagogia histórico-crítica. É apresentado em três partes além da introdução e conclusão. Na primeira, pretende-se caracterizar a pedagogia histórico-crítica; segunda, algumas críticas à pedagogia das competências; terceira, revelar a relação entre a pedagogia das competências e a educação do estado de São Paulo; na conclusão, a necessidade urgente de resgatar a concepção de educação pautada na totalidade, superação da visão individualista, (...) defesa dos interesses planetários e universais, as questões éticas, ambientais, justiça social e valorização da vida. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver reflexão sobre a problemática gerada com a pandemia do Covid-19, sua relação com ensino tecnológico enquanto um direito humano, assim como os limites e contradições. Revelam-se algumas situações que comprometem o acesso à educação de qualidade como um direito de todos, tais como: dificuldades de domínio do professor para com a ferramenta Teams; questões ideológicas, falta de flexibilidade como verdade absoluta e dificuldade de acesso do aluno ao sistema on-line. Isso pode comprometer a (...) garantia da educação como direito humano, em tempos de pandemia: Covid-19. (shrink)

In this paper I will present textual evidence of a close link between Catullus’ Poems 16 and 5, by exploring a few formal elements that critics have ignored so far. Moreover, after some remarks on the position of Poem 16 inside the libellus, I will discuss the interpretation of this composition, assuming that it refers to 5 (and also 7, by extension) and adding to some scholars’ observations a few of my own.

According to Peirce one of the most important philosophical problems is continuity. Consequently, he set forth an innovative and peculiar approach in order to elucidate at once its mathematical and metaphysical challenges through proper non-classical logical reasoning. I will restrain my argument to the definition of the different types of discrete collections according to Peirce, with a special regard to the phenomenon called ?premonition of continuity? (Peirce, 1976, Vol. 3, p. 87, c. 1897).

This article inspects Peirce’s resonances on Deleuze’s semiotic. Whereas most of the literature agrees that Deleuze adapts Peirce’s semiotic to serve his Bergsonian-based theory of sign, this article claims that the relationship of Deleuze with Peirce’s writings is more foliated than it may appear at first. The development of this hypothesis invites to trace back Deleuze’s works before his very acquaintance with Peirce in the 1980s. Therefore, one of Peirce’s classical issues – the role that relations and habits play for (...) the triadic conception of sign – is considered with Deleuze’s early studies, in which he developed this same issue as to approach Hume and Proust. This background echoes years later in Deleuze’s incursion to Peirce’s semiotic in the 1980s ninety-two classes and two books on cinema. In fact, Deleuze’s own triadic conception of sign and his acknowledged pragmatist inclination prove to be closer to Peirce’s pragmatism than the scholarly literature tends to think or argue. The aim of this article is not, however, to build an overwhelming philosophical identity between Deleuze and Peirce, it sets up instead a steadier basis from where to understand their differences. Deleuze’s ignored five-year long lectures on cinema shows to be exegetically revealing with respect to his debts towards Peirce. (shrink)

Neste artigo propomos discutir as trajetórias e encruzilhadas de mulheres negras adeptas do catolicismo e do candomblé, a partir da análise subsidiada por epistemologias situadas no campo do Ativismo Negr@, tomando como referência o feminismo negro e decolonial e a teologia feminista católica, procurando captar as narrativas sobre corpo, sexualidade, etnia, raça e religiosidade, de onde emergem intersecções. Para fazermos esse diálogo, contamos com as trajetórias de duas mulheres negras sul baianas, residentes no município de Canavieiras, autodeclaradas negras, com idades (...) de 53 e 62 anos, sendo uma católica e outra candomblecista, respectivamente. As “trajetórias em narrativas” das duas colaboradoras da pesquisa nos revelaram encruzilhadas de pontos de vista sobre corpo e sexualidade, em que a religiosidade norteava a mobilização de diferentes conceitos e representações sobre o gênero. Nesse sentido, o corpo aparece narrado de diferentes formas, sobretudo como ferramenta para o acesso e a manutenção das práticas religiosas, que através da legitimação de elementos sacralizados permitem a efetivação e veiculação de crenças e valores que atravessam o campo da moralidade, afetando, assim, as percepções sobre os desejos e as práticas sexuais de mulheres negras. (shrink)

Studies of religion in Renaissance and Enlightenment modernity were always under the conditions of the emancipatory promises of secular knowledge, technology experimental and critical traditions, aiming at social emancipation from the old ways of thinking and society. However, the disasters of the great wars and the problems arising from political and economic forms of technical and bureaucratic characteristics favored painful ailments and even bloody in the twentieth century. Religion has always been treated in the size of traditional societies, of which (...) modernity struggled to get free. This article deals with a study written by Adorno and Horkheimer, which is critical to the ideological and germinal aspects of modernity. Between reading and analysis of the Frankfurt School thinkers, this article focuses on further implications to religious studies in which the Frankfurt School thinkers weave an archetypal genealogy and sociopsicanalítica of modernity, aiming, above all, at the possibilities of social emancipation. (shrink)

Este artículo es un estudio sobre la relación entre teoría y praxis en el marxismo occidental y en el joven Horkheimer.